Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Do Ganoderma Species Represent Novel Sources of Phenolic Based Antimicrobial Agents?

doi: 10.3390/molecules28073264

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibacterial activity of H 2 O Ganoderma extracts using three different antibacterial assays.

Article Snippet: G. applanatum showed the highest AB activity against multi-resistant E. coli ATCC 11229 and B. cereus HP with MIC of 12.5 mg/mL.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Diffusion-based Assay

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Do Ganoderma Species Represent Novel Sources of Phenolic Based Antimicrobial Agents?

doi: 10.3390/molecules28073264

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibacterial activity of CHCl 3 extracts of G. applanatum and G. resinaceum using microdilution assay.

Article Snippet: G. applanatum showed the highest AB activity against multi-resistant E. coli ATCC 11229 and B. cereus HP with MIC of 12.5 mg/mL.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Do Ganoderma Species Represent Novel Sources of Phenolic Based Antimicrobial Agents?

doi: 10.3390/molecules28073264

Figure Lengend Snippet: PCA of quantified phenolic compounds and AB activity of CHCl 3 and H 2 O extracts of G. applanatum and G. resinaceum . Abbreviations: GA— G. applanatum ; GR— G. resinaceum : MBC—minimal bactericidal concentration (mg/mL); MIC—minimal inhibitory concentration (mg/mL); BC— B. cereus ; EC— E. coli ; KP— K. pneumoniae ; PA— P. aeruginosa ; SA— S. aureus .

Article Snippet: G. applanatum showed the highest AB activity against multi-resistant E. coli ATCC 11229 and B. cereus HP with MIC of 12.5 mg/mL.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: Journal of Virology

Article Title: A Mutation in the First Ligand-Binding Repeat of the Human Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Results in High-Affinity Binding of the Single V1 Module to Human Rhinovirus 2

doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.23.14730-14736.2005

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIG. 2. Binding of fusion phage to HRV2. VLDLR modules and module combinations as indicated were expressed as fusion phage, and binding to HRV2 was assessed. Wells were coated with MBP-V33333 to which HRV2 was subsequently attached. (A) After challenge with fusion phage at 1013 particles/well (see Materials and Methods) and washing, bound phage was determined via antibody directed against the phage, followed by HRP-conjugated secondary antibody and sub- strate. Color was measured in a microplate reader at 450 nm. To avoid A450 values exceeding 1.8 (the saturation threshold), phage displaying V123 was used at 2 1012 particles/ml, resulting in an A450 of 1.1. This value was set to 100%; the other signals were normalized accord- ingly (values are given above the bars). (B) Bacteria were added to allow infection by attached phage and plated on selective medium; the titer was determined via formation of bacterial colonies. As controls, recombinant phage was replaced by helper phage (H). To test for eventual contamination of adjacent wells, phage was also replaced by BSA in the biological assay; where colonies arose from those wells, the test was repeated. No binding of recombinant phage was seen in the presence of 20 mM EDTA. For the ELISA, the mean standard deviation of three experiments is shown. In the case of the colony- forming assay, the result of one experiment out of several is shown (values are shown above the bars). The absolute values differed from assay to assay, but the same ranking of virus-binding activity (V123 V3 V2) was highly reproducible.

Article Snippet: Following 10 washes with TBS containing 0.1% Tween 20, the wells were incubated for 90 min at room temperature with monoclonal antibody against M13 (antiM13, diluted 1:6,000; Amersham Pharmacia), followed by secondary HRP-conjugated antibody against mouse immunoglobulin G (Bio-Rad) diluted 1:10,000.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Bacteria, Infection, Recombinant, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Standard Deviation, Virus, Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of Virology

Article Title: A Mutation in the First Ligand-Binding Repeat of the Human Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Results in High-Affinity Binding of the Single V1 Module to Human Rhinovirus 2

doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.23.14730-14736.2005

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIG. 3. ELISA, virus overlay blots, and cell protection assays dem- onstrate specific HRV2 binding of V1T17P,V28E and V1T17P. (A) Virus was attached to ELISA plates via prebound MBP-V33333, and bound phage was revealed by ELISA as in Fig. 2A. Note that in the case of V1T17P,V28E, only 4 1010 particles were used to limit the signal. (B) V1T17P,V28E fusion phage (1011 particles) was dissociated by being boiled in nonreducing sample buffer. The material was separated in parallel on two 10% SDS-PAGE gels and electroblotted to PVDF membranes. After being blocked, the fusion proteins were revealed with rabbit antibody directed against the myc tag, followed by HRP- conjugated secondary antibody and substrate (top); the other mem- brane was incubated with 35S-labeled HRV2 (100,000 cpm/5 ml) for 2 h (bottom). The membrane was washed, dried, and exposed to X-ray film overnight. A single VLDLR repeat, the six-His tag, the myc tag, and the phage protein pIII in the fusion proteins add up to 57 kDa; however, the proteins migrated with an apparent Mr of 70 kDa. (C) A blot of MBP-V1T17P was prepared as in panel B and incubated with radiolabeled virus either not preincubated (left) or preincubated (right) with excess MBP-V33333 (MBP-V5x3); binding was revealed upon exposure to X-ray film. (D) HeLa cells grown in a 96-well plate were challenged with HRV2 at 500 50% tissue culture infective doses in the presence of twofold serial dilutions of the receptor derivatives indicated [MBP(V1T17P)2 MBP-V1T17PV1T17P for simplicity]. Af- ter 2 days, cells remaining attached to the plastic were stained with crystal violet.

Article Snippet: Following 10 washes with TBS containing 0.1% Tween 20, the wells were incubated for 90 min at room temperature with monoclonal antibody against M13 (antiM13, diluted 1:6,000; Amersham Pharmacia), followed by secondary HRP-conjugated antibody against mouse immunoglobulin G (Bio-Rad) diluted 1:10,000.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Virus, Binding Assay, SDS Page, Incubation, Labeling, Membrane, Staining

Journal: Journal of Inflammation (London, England)

Article Title: Combination therapy with ampicillin and azithromycin in an experimental pneumococcal pneumonia is bactericidal and effective in down regulating inflammation in mice

doi: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains to different antimicrobial agents*

Article Snippet: Thus, our choice of AMP along with AZM as combinatorial therapy against the multi-drug resistant S. pneumoniae (AMRI-SP-1) in this mouse model of pulmonary infection was hypothesized to be an effective combination therapy.

Techniques: In Vitro

Journal: Journal of Inflammation (London, England)

Article Title: Combination therapy with ampicillin and azithromycin in an experimental pneumococcal pneumonia is bactericidal and effective in down regulating inflammation in mice

doi: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bacterial burden in lungs and blood of mice infected with S. pneumoniae a and receiving either a single or a combined antibiotic treatment

Article Snippet: Thus, our choice of AMP along with AZM as combinatorial therapy against the multi-drug resistant S. pneumoniae (AMRI-SP-1) in this mouse model of pulmonary infection was hypothesized to be an effective combination therapy.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Journal of Inflammation (London, England)

Article Title: Combination therapy with ampicillin and azithromycin in an experimental pneumococcal pneumonia is bactericidal and effective in down regulating inflammation in mice

doi: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of combined antibiotic treatment on the survival of mice infected with S. pneumoniae (AMRI SP-1). Mice were challenged with a low dose of S. pneumoniae (5×10 6 CFU/mouse). Infected mice were treated with either AMP or AZM only or both in combination, 18 hours after infection (arrow: treatment regimen). The results (P < 0.05) of the survival analysis for groups of S. pneumoniae infected mice receiving either sterile saline (infected control) or antibiotic (n = 12 mice per experimental group and treatment regimen are indicated). AMP: Ampicillin treated; AZM: Azithromycin treated; Combination: AMP + AZM treated).

Article Snippet: Thus, our choice of AMP along with AZM as combinatorial therapy against the multi-drug resistant S. pneumoniae (AMRI-SP-1) in this mouse model of pulmonary infection was hypothesized to be an effective combination therapy.

Techniques: Infection, Sterility, Saline, Control

Journal: Journal of Inflammation (London, England)

Article Title: Combination therapy with ampicillin and azithromycin in an experimental pneumococcal pneumonia is bactericidal and effective in down regulating inflammation in mice

doi: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: MPO activity of lung tissue of mice after intranasal administration of S. pneumoniae (AMRI-SP 1) followed by treatment with ampicillin or azithromycin alone or in combination. MPO activity was analyzed as index of neutrophil infiltration in the lung tissue. The rate of change in absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at 405 nm. MPO activity has been defined as the concentration of enzyme degrading 1 μM of peroxide/min at 37°C and was expressed as change in absorbance/min. mg of protein. The results were reproduced in three repeated experiments. Data are expressed as mean ± SD of mice per group. P value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. *Significant decrease and # Significant increase at P < 0.05 level.

Article Snippet: Thus, our choice of AMP along with AZM as combinatorial therapy against the multi-drug resistant S. pneumoniae (AMRI-SP-1) in this mouse model of pulmonary infection was hypothesized to be an effective combination therapy.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: Journal of Inflammation (London, England)

Article Title: Combination therapy with ampicillin and azithromycin in an experimental pneumococcal pneumonia is bactericidal and effective in down regulating inflammation in mice

doi: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lung vascular permeability measurement. Pulmonary vascular permeability in S. pneumoniae infected groups (mean ± SD for five mice). The results were reproduced in three repeated experiments. Data are expressed as mean ± SD of mice per group. P value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. *Significant decrease and # Significant increase at P < 0.05 level. * , SP infected vs. AZM alone; significant decrease at 3, 4, 5 and 6 hour, SP infected vs. AMP + AZM combined; significant decrease at 3,4,5 and 6 hour, SP infected + AZM vs. Sp infected + AMP + AZM; Significant decrease at 3,4,5 and 6 hour.

Article Snippet: Thus, our choice of AMP along with AZM as combinatorial therapy against the multi-drug resistant S. pneumoniae (AMRI-SP-1) in this mouse model of pulmonary infection was hypothesized to be an effective combination therapy.

Techniques: Permeability, Infection

Journal: Journal of Inflammation (London, England)

Article Title: Combination therapy with ampicillin and azithromycin in an experimental pneumococcal pneumonia is bactericidal and effective in down regulating inflammation in mice

doi: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum levels of IL-6 (A), IL-10 (B), IFN-γ (C), and TNF-α (D) in different groups of mice at 0 to 6 h post antibiotic treatment. Levels of IL-6 (A) , IL-10 (B) , IFN-γ (C) , and TNF-α (D) , in serum from S. pneumoniae infected mice untreated or treated with ampicillin (AMP) or azithromycin (AZM) alone or in combination after 18 h post infection were determined by utilizing ELISA according to the manufacturer’s recommendations and were expressed from triplicate experiments. AMRI SP-1 infected animal which were left untreated was considered as control while comparing with those treated AMP or AZM or both. A significant increase in TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6 but decrease in IL-10, * P < 0.05 was observed after 1 h of post antibiotic treatment; S. pneumoniae isolate AMRI SP-1 alone, versus S. pneumoniae AMRI SP-1, + AMP, significant decrease in TNF - α, IFN-γ and increased IL-10, #P < 0.05, S. pneumoniae AMRI SP-1 alone, versus S. pneumoniae AMRI SP-1 + AMP + AZM showed significant decrease in TNF-α, IFN-γ and significant increase in IL-10 following 1 h post antibiotic treatment, #P < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Thus, our choice of AMP along with AZM as combinatorial therapy against the multi-drug resistant S. pneumoniae (AMRI-SP-1) in this mouse model of pulmonary infection was hypothesized to be an effective combination therapy.

Techniques: Infection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: Journal of Inflammation (London, England)

Article Title: Combination therapy with ampicillin and azithromycin in an experimental pneumococcal pneumonia is bactericidal and effective in down regulating inflammation in mice

doi: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytokine level in lung tissue. Groups of mice ( n = 21) were infected with AMRI-SP1 and were monitored for the development of pneumonia. 18 h post infection treatment with either AMP at 200 mg/kg or AZM at 50 mg/kg body weight, single dose of antibiotic treatment was initiated. Considering 18 th h to be the zero hour of antibiotic treatment, animals were sacrificed every hour continuing till 24 th h post infection (i.e. 6 th hour post antibiotic treatment). After administration of the single antibiotic dose, lungs were homogenized and assayed for estimation of cytokines. Levels of IL-6 (A) ; IL-10 (B) ; TNF-α (C) and IFN-γ (D) were determined and mean ± SD of values obtained were expressed in pg/ml from triplicate experiments. Untreated, S. pneumoniae infected; AMP, S. pneumoniae infected and treated with ampicillin; AZM, S. pneumoniae infected and treated with azithromycin; Combined, S .pneumoniae infected and treated with both ampicillin and azithromycin. # , Significant increase or * , Significant decrease in combined treatment group compared to monotherapy with AMP or AZM alone at P < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Thus, our choice of AMP along with AZM as combinatorial therapy against the multi-drug resistant S. pneumoniae (AMRI-SP-1) in this mouse model of pulmonary infection was hypothesized to be an effective combination therapy.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Journal of Inflammation (London, England)

Article Title: Combination therapy with ampicillin and azithromycin in an experimental pneumococcal pneumonia is bactericidal and effective in down regulating inflammation in mice

doi: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression of COX-2 after treatment with ampicillin in combination with azithromycin in lung tissue. Expression of COX-2 in lung tissue was measured in terms of fold change over S. pneumoniae infected untreated control. Highest level of COX-2 was found at 18 h post infection. Gradual reduction in COX-2 level was visible after treatment with ampicllin in combination with azithromycin with the decrease being most prominent at 4 th hour post antibiotic treatment. S. pneumoniae AMRI SP -1 infected untreated control group versus S. pneumoniae AMRI SP-1 + ampicillin + azithromycin treated group (P < 0.01 significant decrease with respect to SP infected untreated control at 1-3 h post antibiotic treatment).

Article Snippet: Thus, our choice of AMP along with AZM as combinatorial therapy against the multi-drug resistant S. pneumoniae (AMRI-SP-1) in this mouse model of pulmonary infection was hypothesized to be an effective combination therapy.

Techniques: Expressing, Infection, Control

Journal: Journal of Inflammation (London, England)

Article Title: Combination therapy with ampicillin and azithromycin in an experimental pneumococcal pneumonia is bactericidal and effective in down regulating inflammation in mice

doi: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histology of lung tissue in normal mice (A); S. pneumoniae infected mice (B); treated with antibiotics ampicillin (AMP) (C) and/or azithromycin (AZM) (D) either alone or in combination (E) 18 hours post infection. Pictures were taken from 0 – 6 hours after initiation of therapy which corresponds to 18 – 24 hours post infection. Profuse neutrophil count, diffuse edema with swelling of interstitium was noted in untreated infected animals, while mice receiving combination therapy recovered very fast than monotherapy and had tissue profiles similar to those of healthy controls. Left panel shows histology of lung tissue at low magnification and right panel at high magnification. Arrow indicates accumulation of PMNs in the alveoli.

Article Snippet: Thus, our choice of AMP along with AZM as combinatorial therapy against the multi-drug resistant S. pneumoniae (AMRI-SP-1) in this mouse model of pulmonary infection was hypothesized to be an effective combination therapy.

Techniques: Infection